A new study identifies a single molecule as a key entry point used by two types of dangerous bacteria to break through cellular barriers and cause disease. The findings, published March 19 in the journal mBio, suggest that blocking the interaction between the molecule, known as CD40, and bacteria may represent a universal strategy for preventing life-threatening illnesses, including toxic shock syndrome.
Different bacteria use same cell surface molecule to invade tissue
The two bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (staph) and Streptococcus pyogenes, cause many serious illnesses. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, each year staph causes 70,000 cases of highly fatal pneumonia, 40,000 cases of severe heart infections, and more than 500,000 post-surgical infections. Streptococcus pyogenes annually causes 10 million cases of sore throat and 30,000 cases of severe invasiv
e diseases.
“Many of the infections caused by these two bacteria start on the skin or on the mucosal surfaces that line body cavities like the nose, mouth and throat, the gut, and the vagina. The ability of these bacteria to cause disease depends on production of a family of toxins known as superantigens, which cause exceptionally harmful inflammation,” explains Patrick Schlievert, PhD, professor and head of microbiology and immunology at the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and lead author of the new study.
Previous work by Schlievert showed that superantigens cause the epithelial cells of the mucosal barrier to make signaling molecules called chemokines. Those chemokines attract immune cells that disrupt the integrity of the mucosal barrier, allowing the superantigens and frequently the bacteria themselves to penetrate and cause serious and often fatal diseases, including toxic shock syndrome.
In the new study, Schlievert and his colleagues at the UI and National Jewish Health in Denver used human vaginal epithelial cells as a model of a mucosal barrier. They showed that the interaction between CD40 and superantigens triggers the production of chemokines in these cells. Removing CD40 from the cells using CRISPR gene editing prevented bacterial superantigens from triggering the production of the chemokines. In contrast, restoring CD40 to those cells restored the ability of superantigens to trigger chemokine production.