Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States and is increasing in incidence. Intravenous ascorbate (i.e., ascorbic acid, vitamin C), but not oral ascorbate, produces high plasma concentrations, which are in the range that are cytotoxic to tumor cells. Studies from our currently funded 2 year U01 grant CA166800 "Ascorbate-induced radiosensitization in pancreatic cancer" have demonstrated that ascorbate, in doses achievable in humans, synergizes with ionizing radiation in decreasing viability and proliferation in all pancreatic cancer cell lines examined, via a H2O2–mediated mechanism. Our recently completed phase I study demonstrated that pharmacological ascorbate combined with gemcitabine is safe and well-tolerated and may lead to overall clinical benefit in patients with stage IV pancreatic cancer. This proposal focuses on improvement of the therapeutic ratio of a standard anti-cancer therapy (ionizing radiation) using a complementary approach (high dose ascorbate), in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. If pancreatic cancer cells (relative to normal cells) are more susceptible to ascorbate-induced cytotoxicity due to increased ascorbate auto-oxidation leading to increased H2O2 production, then ascorbate would be expected to be efficacious and well-tolerated adjuvant to chemo-radiation in patients. Furthermore, increasing the rate of auto-oxidation of ascorbate with redox active metal catalysts to generate more H2O2 should selectively increase ascorbate-induced radiosensitization and oxidative stress. Finally, ascorbate-induced radiosensitization would be expected to sensitize tumor cells to clinically relevant pharmacological agents that inhibit the removal of H2O2 The current proposal will test the hypothesis that production of H2O2 via the metal ion catalyzed auto-oxidation of ascorbate mediates ascorbate-induced cytotoxicity and chemo-radiosensitization in human pancreatic cancer. We will test our hypothesis with the following three Specific Aims. 1) Determine in a phase I trial the safety of administering pharmacological ascorbate during concurrent gemcitabine-radiation therapy for the treatment of non-resectable pancreatic cancer; 2) Determine if ascorbate-induced radiosensitization can be selectively enhanced by redox active metal catalysts; 3) Determine if the ascorbate-induced radiosensitization can be enhanced by clinically relevant pharmacological inhibitors of glucose and hydroperoxide metabolism. The phase I trial will quantify adverse events and determine changes in systemic parameters indicative of oxidative stress in patients. The preclinical studies will use biochemistry/molecular biology techniques to determine ascorbate-induced radiosensitization and oxidative stress and employ a non-invasive in vivo index of cell proliferation. If we can rigorously demonstrate that the radiosensitization mediated by pharmacological ascorbate induces preferential oxidative stress and subsequent cytotoxicity in human pancreatic cancer cells, then the results of this proposed research program will provide a foundation for the rational design of a novel combined modality cancer therapy.